Zipf's law is an empirical law that often holds, approximately, when a list of measured values is sorted in decreasing order. It states that the value of the nth entry is inversely proportional to n. The best known instance of Zipf's law applies to the frequency table of words in a text or corpus of natural language. Namely, it is usually found that the most common word occurs approximately twice as often as the next common one, three times as often as the third most common, and so on. For example, in the Brown Corpus of American English text, the word "the" is the most frequently occurring word, and by itself accounts for nearly 7% of all word occurrences. True to Zipf's Law, the second-place word "of" accounts for slightly over 3.5% of words, followed by "and". This "law" is named after the American linguist George Kingsley Zipf, and is still an important concept in quantitative linguistics.
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20/11/2025

RECOLLECTIONS ON FASHION

In the past few months I’ve been really thinking about my appearance, buying new clothes, getting a new watch, getting a bottle of fragrance. I had one bottle of fragrance that was given to me as a gift for making it through high school, but that’s it. That sent me down a rabbit hole of thinking about fashion, I wanted to get to get it, like really understand it, especially male fashion.

And, quite frankly, I had to rewrite this blog post three times just to get my thoughts in order. Stuff just kept piling up. Anyway, let’s start with the beginning. Ehm, why do we wear clothes? Well, humans have had a prank played on them by mother nature. We’re warm blooded mammals, yet we’re mostly hairless. We suck at regulating our body temperature in most climate zones and the sun damages our skin. Cruel joke, honesty. That’s why we drape ourselves in furs, cloth, silk and other materials. Once we become protected against the elements the “social” part of “social animal” kicks in. We start using our clothes to signify our gender, class, culture, worldview, religion and so forth. So, if you’re not really interested in fashion, fashion is interested in you. Come to think of it, just reading about fashion and the way it evolved taught me a lot more social theory than actual books on the subject.

Let’s begin with talking about something utilitarian – watches. Watches are those little things that are worn on the wrist on are placed in a pocket that tell time. For most of history watches used to rely on a series of spring mechanisms that would be wound up to tell the correct time of day. The main issue with that is that the specifics would need to be really precise to prevent the watch from lagging behind or going forward, it would break easily on slightest impact and it was, more often than not, unaffordable to the average person. This began to change with the quartz revolution in the 70s. To put it simply, quartz is this crystal that has the strange property of vibrating when an electric current is placed through it. Do it correctly and it vibrates exactly every one second. This is much cheaper and easier to make than a complex set of gears and springs that falls apart if someone breathes on it wrong. Basically, in the 70s humans “solved” the watches and the price for a wristwatch began to go down. There are still mechanical watches being made, but they are often seen as luxury or family heirlooms. Nowadays you can get a digital wristwatch that costs less than a sandwich and will be both more accurate and more durable than you’re grandfather’s pocketwatch.

While some watches are necessary in certain professions (for example, divers have to have a divewatch that can withstand lots of water pressure) most exist as a kind of male jewellery. It tells a bit about the person by the kind of watch they wear on a daily basis. So, let’s go through some common stereotypes.

  • Smartwatches are weird because they are generally worn by people that don’t care about watches or want a kind of biometric scanner on them at all times, mostly to track sleep patterns, your number of steps and your heartbeat. My old gym trainer begged me to get one to track my workout stats. As actual watches, they tend to suck, especially the high end ones. Also I’ve noticed that if a woman is wearing a watch, it’s a smartwatch 70% of the time. Maybe it’s anecdotal, but that’s a pattern I noticed.

  • Casio F-91W is the most popular watch in the world. Even people that don’t know the name recognise it as “that dad watch”. It’s cheap as dirt, durable and is worn by virtually everyone from Bill Gates to Bin Laden. It’s also well built and won’t break down on you at inopportune moments. Personally, I modified one with a nylon NATO strap so I can wrap it around my outerwear when I’m doing sports. Generally speaking, the people that really get into cheap digital Casios tend to be either athletes, IT guys or people that want to say that they have taste without spending stupid amounts of money on a watch. Personally, I like the fact that there’s an active modding community for simple watches like that where they do everything from changing the LED to adding a hidden MicroSD card container for it. That’s also why special services pay attention to those cheap watches, they are an engineer’s dream and a security specialist’s nightmare.

  • Seiko is a slightly more upscale Casio. They are the ones that pioneered quartz watches, but even before that they made mechanical watches that rivalled Swiss ones in accuracy. Their stuff ranges from affordable watches to really fancy mechanical ones. It’s hard to pinpoint a stereotype for these guys, although from what I heard people that like their sister brand Grand Seiko tend to be a bit obnoxious.

  • Omega and Rolex are the premium option. Even people that know nothing about watches know that those are status symbols. Generally they are mechanical watches that are durable and often worn by athletes, cosmonauts, explorers, famous writers. Their price and reputation lead to a problem where those watches are slowly being associated with ill-gotten wealth and the desire to show off. Shame, really, because from what I heard they were solid watches.

  • Invicta are a punchline for watch guys. They are the watch equivalent of a wall filled with Funko Pops and Anime figurines. They tend to be loud, large and gaudy. The firm also makes a lot of promotions for comic books and videogames, yeah. The average Invicta fan is stereotyped as a dude in his 20’s that got rich either from livestreaming or cryptocurrency that has more money than brains.

Generally speaking, when a man gets really into watches, they don’t care as much about the brand or the cost of the watch as much as the story behind it. A lot of people get watches that are identical models to those that were worn by world leaders, generals or celebrities. It’s basically a hidden personality test. Do you value story of function? Do you want your watch to be attention grabbing or really durable? It’s a fun little rabbit hole to go down.

Alright, you put on your watch, now time to put on some clothes. I certainly hope you aren’t just standing around there naked. When selecting your clothes you dress for your build, situation and your features. You sketch out a perfect outfit and go to the store and then go… ow.

Most retail stores are quite limited when it comes to clothes, especially when it comes to colour and material, especially for men. Clothes tend to be beige, black or of natural colours. Navy blue, brown, sometimes a dull green or grey. Occasionally you’ll see a muted wine red. Besides that you have “ironic” shirts for young adults and faux university inspired fashion. It’s bleak out there.

I remember trying to get my jacket in a packed cloakroom and I couldn’t find it because every coat there was some variation of dark blue or black. During the winter. You know, during the time of the year where it’s dark most of the time and you can easily be run over by a car unless you dress in vibrant clothes that reflect light. What’s going on there?

Okay, let’s do a deep dive into history. If you look up how people used to dress in antiquity or the middle ages you’d see that generally people would prefer bright, vibrant patterns. Even the men. Especially the men. Certain fabrics, dyes and materials were reserved for the wealthy and the clergy. Purple dye was stupidly expensive and became associated with royalty. Blue dye was derived from lapis lazuli (the Minecraft rock) which was mined in Afghanistan and was used to paint temples. Thus it being the colour of robes worn by high ranking clergy. As for the knights, oh boy, the knights used to look like F-1 Drivers with bright, psychedelic emblems of their lords and lands. The trope of the “Black Knight” is a trope because, for the most part, knights and soldiers would go into battle in dazzling armour. May it be as a show of affluence of their land or to shock and awe their opponents into submission. I think the epitome of that might be the Polish Hussars or the Central European Landsknecht. The latter would make special cuts in their clothing to show off their wealth, also adorn themselves in jewellery. Needless to say, they were capable warriors, but had a habit sacking the local treasuries if not paid on time, thus the flamboyant look.

Fact to the matter is, a lot of male fashion is heavily influenced by military attire. Either because most men were expected to perform some kind of military duty or that it helps to be associated with it. That’s why most monarchs, even if they never saw a battlefield in their life, would dress up like generals. So, what happens when the nature of warfare changes and suddenly it becomes a detriment to march into battle? Well, que the Napoleonic wars.

One of the defining theories about the history of male fashion is the concept of the Great Male Renunciation. Essentially, around the tail end of the XVIII century in Europe most men, regardless of rank began to stop wearing lavish, vibrant clothes and began to dress more practically. One theory is that this is due to the fear that wearing ornate clothes would make oneself a target for the Jacobins. Another theory is that because the Napoleonic wars introduced mass conscription, the uniforms had to be made a lot simpler and more practical to manufacture. This, in turn, was possible to the era being in the very beginning of the industrial revolution. This, in turn, later trickled down to civilian fashion.

The nail in the coffin was the opening battle of WWI, specifically the participation of the Pantalon rouge. Those bright red pants were an integral part of French military uniforms and were associated with everything good. Heroism, love for your country and fresh pastries. The Frenchmen were picked off by German snipers that were dressed in far more sensible green-grey camo and stahlhelms. The red pants, unfortunately, made them very easy to pick off.

This destroyed the remnant of colour in formal male clothing, which is where we are to this day.

In conclusion, I’d try to make a prediction for the future of male fashion. As drones and robotics become more and more important in the various armed clashes happening across the globe, I can see this trickling down to the fashion world sooner or later. For example, vantablack is a special dye that can absorb all light, making an ordinary object seem like a black hole.

This material has been toyed around as potential paint for drones and vehicles that would help them avoid detection. Once the kinks are ironed out, I can see this trickling down into men’s fashion. All black is already a popular look, but imagine looking like a living hole in reality. There’s one downside though. Imagine having a cat at home or, god forbid, dandruff. Each flake or hair would light up on your vantablack shirt like a star. I can even imagine there being a slur for people like that that. Dust devil, perhaps?


21/08/2025

CONFESSIONS OF A VRHEAD

I have a confession to make. I own a VR headset, in fact this is my two year anniversary. Needless to say, I have a lot of mixed feelings on it. In short, it’s hard to recommend to anyone but the most niche of weirdos. Let’s unpack.

Alright, let’s imagine you want to buy a VR headset. There’s two serious options you can pick from. Wired headsets and wireless headsets. Wired headsets are your premium option which consist out of tech such as the HTC Vive or the Valve Index. They hook up directly to your PC and usually require some kind of trackers placed around the room beforehand. Ow, I forgot to mention that you will need a powerful computer to make any use of a headset. Your dingy little Chromebook won’t do much.

The second option is to go wireless. That’s actually the sensible option for first-timers. There’s two main players in the wireless VR game – Meta (aka Facebook) and Bytedance (aka Tiktok). One has the Meta Quest series and the other one has the PICO series. They all cost around the same ballpark of 200-300$ depending on the storage and shipping. Essentially, they are really beefed up phones that plug into your headset and have a few hours of battery life, which is fine. Also, all of them have beefed up cameras and telemetry, so they don’t need trackers. The issue is that both have their own app store and want to lock you in their weird ecosystem. Luckily you can plug them into your PC and use them that way, which bypasses that.

Let’s imagine you settle on your brand of hypnogoggles and they arrive at your doorstep. You have your first hurdle – where to play the damn thing. Ideally you need a 2x2 space that where you won’t risk of punching walls or stepping on your cat. If you live in a cramped apartment you will either need to rearrange furniture or you are shit out of luck. You find your little grotto and put on a headset and immediately are hit with a sense of nausea. Apparently 15% of the population have some kind of VR allergy where their inner ear starts freaking out. That’s true for both commercial VR and military simulations. And, sadly, there’s no known cure or treatment. It’s essentially a gamble if you will be even able to use the damn thing.

Alright, you managed to jump through every obstacle and are now ready to game in VR. What do you play? Steam, unfortunately, is filled with a lot of pornography and minigames. So are the appstores of the headsets themselves. Youtube has a lot of VR channels, but most are aimed at either children or are super enthusiastic and positive about everything. I ended up curating a small list of games and apps that I personally tried in VR and found to be of decent quality.

  • Ancient Dungeon VR – Competent roguelike with minecraft-esque voxel graphics. I’m pretty sure it would have been a bigger hit if it worked on flatscreen setups, but that doesn’t change the fact that it’s just a good dungeon crawler. The dev keeps adding new stuff. Personally, I really like the spellbook weapon they recently added.

  • Blade and Sorcery – Man, this game ruined melee in any videogame for me. In short, it’s a sword and sorcery sandbox where you can try out different weapons, spells, enemies. It’s hard to put it into words, but there’s a massive difference between swinging a weapon by pressing a button and actually doing it with your hand. Not to mention the game simulates weight and momentum, so you probably are going to need to look up some actual HEMA tutorials. Personally, the best part of the game is the climbing system. You can climb basically any surface. I kind of wish there was more than a series of procedurally generated dungeons there, but it’s still impressive to see what the developers have accomplished with such a small team. Mind you, the game is visually impressive, but even at the lowest settings you will need a beefy machine to play this.

  • Garry’s Mod VR – For clarification, this doesn’t run natively and you will need to install a few mods to have it function. I’m putting this here since Garry’s mod has a lot of maps that are great for first-person exploration. Reconstructions of ancient cities, surreal landscapes, impossible geometry, the whole lot.

  • Gesture VR - Live drawing software. It is what it is. Has a dozen poses, a few rooms and a lot of drawing settings. It’s fine, but I wish there was more or some modding support for importing full-body scans of models.

  • Half-Life 2 VR – You probably already own a copy of Half-Life 2 or can get one for very cheap. If you do so, the mod is free. In all honesty, it’s probably the best VR game I’ve played. The motion control functionality works well with the physics engine and the fact that this is a 20+ year old game makes it run buttery smooth.

  • House of the Dying Sun – Not strictly a VR game, but one that works really well in VR. It’s an arcade-style dogfighting simulator in space with RTS elements. It’s really short, but it’s amazing. Also it being something you play seated with a controller in hand is a nice change of pace if you’re tired of rearranging furniture.

  • Quake VR – Exactly what it says on the tin. Quake is as cheap as a sandwich and runs even on smart fridges. It works fine, but it’s a bit too fast paced if you’re just starting out.

  • Ragnarock – Rhythm game. It’s good cardio and it’s just so happens that the entire playlist matches my music taste. I love it, even if I’m quite horrible at it.

  • Superhot VR – It’s exactly what it says on the tin. A puzzle-action game where time moves when you do. It’s actually a great gymnastics exercise and runs well enough on most devices.

  • Thrill of the Fight – Boxing simulator. Nothing more, nothing less. Putting it on a list because it’s actually pretty good cardio and you will be drenched in sweat in about 20 minutes. My arms still hurt as I’m typing this.

  • VRChatReally cautious recommendation. It’s basically virtual chatroom with a dozen of user created worlds and limitless avatar customisation. It used to be fairly upscale back when headsets were harder to come by, but nowadays it’s available to pretty much anyone that can cough up 200$. The moderation there has been struggling with the influx of new people, especially children. It’s not my cup of tea and the lax moderation doesn’t help. That being said, I recommend trying it out just to see some of the maps people made for it. My favourite one is the reconstruction of the Tokyo Capsule Hotel that you can walk through.

  • Warhammer 40000: Battle Sister – Basic VR shooter is simple graphics. Despite that, it still chugs. That being said, if you like Warhammer 40k, it’s pretty high up there in terms of being able to see the nitty-gritty of the Imperium of Man. Surprisingly well acted out story. The only complaint I saw is that some men were a bit weirded out by the player model. The game has a pretty decent full-body simulation, but not everyone gets used to looking down and seeing a pair of knockers.


11/07/2025

DISTRO WARS

Gotta love scaring away all the normal people by starting out a blog with a niche technical topic.

Let’s start from the beginning, what the hell is Linux? Linux is a lightweight family of operating systems based on the Linux kernel, which is based on Unix (what modern Apple products run on). Linux, however, is open-source. This means people can fork it and make their own version.You know how in Protestantism there is like a bazillion different distinct sects? Some of them look are easy to confuse with the Catholic church they split apart from, such as Lutherans. Others have strange, exotic or even bizarre practices, such as rock and roll sermons. Linux is a bit like that. There’s Linux that runs on microcomputers, Linux that powers Russian submarines, Linux that controls server infrastructure, gamer Linux, hacker Linux, Linux for paranoid people, etc. Those different ‘flavours’ of Linux are called distributions or ‘distros’ for short.

Because Linux is niche and encourages user cooperation, this ends up creating an actual community. Where there is community, there is drama. Go on any Linux subreddit or forum or Youtube comment section and you will find people arguing which distro is the best. To a newcomer, it’s almost impossible to pick a version of Linux to start with because there are so many different versions. To boil it down, there’s essentially three main camps.

First is Ubuntu and its derivatives. Ubuntu is the Windows of Linux. It’s popular, has a lot of drivers, comes with an office suite and is user friendly. The issue is that it’s been introducing features over the years that make it seem a bit too much like Windows, which is scaring off more experienced users. Second group is Debian and its children. Debian is the distribution that runs most server infrastructure on the planet. If a firm or government uses Linux, they are likely using Debian because it’s stable and works well enough with most drivers. The joke about Debian users is that they are running a year-old Firefox version because the system updates only when it absolutely needs to. The most popular child of Debian is a distribution known as Linux Mint, which is a Windows-like operating system for beginners and office workers. Lastly there is Arch Linux. To put it bluntly, Arch Linux users are the vegans of the Linux community. The reason why they have such a massive ego is because Arch Linux is the “do-it-yourself” operating system. You start out with a terminal and have to assemble the actual operating system from the ground up. The only derivative of Arch is called Manjaro. Personally, it was quite horrible to use, but it had better drawing pen drivers than those on Windows for some reason. There’s also countless others that I haven’t mentioned, for example Gentoo which legendarily hard to setup or various joke OS’s such as Hannah Montana Linux.


Anyway, there’s two major differences between the different distributions. First is the software packages you start out with. Some start you out with a browser, gaming drivers, text editors an app store, etc. Others just plop you in the middle of a white on black terminal and ask you to figure it out yourself. Second are the level of customisation you can achieve with each OS. If I’m not mistaken, Arch allows you to make changes up to kernel level. Mint or Ubuntu have extensive settings, but it’s far more ‘put together’ and you need to jump through hoops to make it modular.

So, uh, which is the best one? Honestly, most distributions can work well after some adjustment. Personally, I’m a Linux Mint user. It’s considered to be a beginner OS, but I genuinely haven’t found a good reason to switch it since stuff just works. There is a distribution for graphic designers and artists, but you can just copy its packages onto your OS and use what you like. You really have to ask yourself what do you use your computer for. Not to throw any more shade at Arch users, but most people simply do not need to make a bunch of scripts for the vast majority of tasks. Arch is great if you want to tinker with your computer indefinitely, but it lacks stability.



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